Universities with medium to large international enrolments are set to lose from $120m to $1bn in fee income over the next four years, making savings essential

In a new CMM analysis Ian Marshman and Frank Larkins set out where the money can come from including;

* drawing down on surpluses, the all-university kitty was $1.46bn in 2018

* rationalisation of course and subject offerings

* staff reductions, including “a consolidation of roles which may have emerged in times of plenty”

Their full analysis is in Features this morning.